Nickel powder optimization cuts TOPCon solar cell metallization costs by 6.8% without compromising efficiency

Researchers at Australia's UNSW, working with SunDrive and Shenzhen APG, demonstrated that replacing part of the silver with nickel in TOPCon solar cell rear metallization can cut raw-metal costs by 6.8% with almost no efficiency loss. They found nickel powder characteristics and paste consumption are key to cost-effective silver substitution.

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